{"id":12402,"date":"2026-02-14T11:12:38","date_gmt":"2026-02-14T10:12:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/history\/"},"modified":"2026-10-05T22:29:39","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T20:29:39","slug":"history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/culture\/history\/","title":{"rendered":"History"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"12402\" class=\"elementor elementor-12402 elementor-2381\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4260089 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4260089\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a17c21c e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a17c21c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;slideshow&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_gallery&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:12404,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/portada-historia.jpg&quot;}],&quot;background_slideshow_slide_duration&quot;:5000,&quot;background_slideshow_slide_transition&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;background_slideshow_transition_duration&quot;:500,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14a9492 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14a9492\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dafb48f elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dafb48f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of Andalusia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c055ed elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c055ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ccd388 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ccd388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{\"wcf_starter_animations\":\"none\",\"wcf_anim_duration\":1000,\"wcf_anim_delay\":0,\"wcf_anim_ease\":\"ease\",\"wcf_text_animation\":\"none\",\"wcf-animation\":\"none\"}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><p data-start=\"1052\" data-end=\"1236\">Centuries of cultural exchange have shaped a historical identity that is rich, diverse, and profoundly fascinating.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fc2b5c elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-wcf--button\" data-id=\"3fc2b5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{\"wcf-animation\":\"none\"}\" data-widget_type=\"wcf--button.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"> <\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f78a85a elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f78a85a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#contacto\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DESIGN YOUR TRIP<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d5cf07 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6d5cf07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70e1a19 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70e1a19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e1c59 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51e1c59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A melting pot of cultures in Andalusia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d706102 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d706102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Modern-day Andalusia is the result of a true melting pot of cultures that have dominated its lands since time immemorial. <strong>Few regions in Europe or even the world can boast such a rich and varied past<\/strong> as this autonomous community. For this reason, on this page we present a brief history of Andalusia, mindful that many details and important episodes will remain untold, as each province and city has its own history, which we review in each of the pages dedicated to them. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6c29aa e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f6c29aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f58766f e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f58766f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bdc8b0 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"7bdc8b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No se ha encontrado ning\\u00fan encabezado en esta p\\u00e1gina.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tContents\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7bdc8b0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7bdc8b0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__7bdc8b0\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4b3aa5 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e4b3aa5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-195ff39 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"195ff39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f084ea wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f084ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">An entry point for hominids: Prehistory<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56aa6fc wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56aa6fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">To date, the first evidence of the presence of the Homo species in <b>Andalusia dates back to the Lower Paleolithic<\/b>, within the Acheulean culture (400,000-70,000 BC). However, some developing hypotheses point to an earlier arrival, which could indicate that the Strait of Gibraltar was used as a gateway from Africa to Europe. <\/p><p style=\"text-align: left;\">In any case, in a brief history of Andalusia such as this, a mention of important archaeological sites from later periods is essential, such as:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c257710 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"c257710\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Middle Paleolithic (150,000-30,000 BC)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2031\"><ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carihuela Cave, in Pi\u00f1ar, Granada<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Z\u00e1jara Cave, in Cuevas del Almanzora, Almer\u00eda <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gibraltar caves<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Upper Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 BC)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2032\"><p>During this period, Homo sapiens appeared, caves were used as shelter, and rock art emerged. In Andalusia, it has its own style, called &#8216;Southern Art&#8217;: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La Pileta Cave, in Almer\u00eda<\/li>\n<li>Ambrosio Cave, in Almer\u00eda<\/li>\n<li>La Motilla Cave, in Granada<\/li>\n<li>Malalmuerzo Cave, in Granada<\/li>\n<li>El Morr\u00f3n Cave, in Ja\u00e9n<\/li>\n<li>Nerja Cave, in M\u00e1laga<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Neolithic (6,000-3,000 BC)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2033\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although agriculture and livestock farming were already developed, many caves continued to be used as dwellings and burial sites. Notable examples include: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bat Cave, in C\u00f3rdoba<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woman&#8217;s Cave, in Granada<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carig\u00fcela Cave, in Granada<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treasure Cave, in M\u00e1laga<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Age of Metals (3,000-10th century BC)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2034\"><p>The invention of metal smelting led to advances in agriculture, hunting, fishing, and warfare, among other aspects. There are important sites in the region from the Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages. For example, the El Argar site from the Bronze Age in Almer\u00eda is significant not only in Andalusian history but also in European history, as it has served to classify an entire culture: the Argaric culture.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd6a826 seccion-titulo e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fd6a826\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0808ca e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0808ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec70f4 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eec70f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Target of Eastern colonizers: Ancient History<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aeb5c4 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0aeb5c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The most notable aspect of Ancient History in Andalusia is perhaps the commercial influence and even the colonization of certain territories by peoples coming from other parts of the Mediterranean. <b>First were the Phoenicians from Tyre, until the 6th century BC,<\/b> who settled in places such as Malaka and Cerro del Villar (<a href=\"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/destinations\/malaga\/malaga-city\/\">M\u00e1laga<\/a>), Gadir (<a href=\"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/destinations\/cadiz\/cadiz-city\/\">C\u00e1diz<\/a>), or Sexi (<a href=\"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/destinations\/granada\/costa-tropical\/\">Almu\u00f1\u00e9car<\/a>). Almost immediately after, <b>it was the turn of the Carthaginians or Punics.<\/b> <\/p><p>Within this brief history of Andalusia, <b>Tartessos<\/b> deserves special mention, a civilization that emerged in the Age of Metals but remained healthy due to its relations with the Phoenicians and later the Carthaginians, until its collapse around 500 BC. Its culture is still being studied, but it developed in the current provinces of <a href=\"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/destinations\/huelva\/\">Huelva<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/destinations\/seville\/\">Sevilla<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/destinations\/cadiz\/\">C\u00e1diz<\/a>, and seems to have been the result of the acculturation of indigenous people through Phoenician influence.<\/p><p><b>Turdetania, in Western Andalusia, is the heir to Tartessos,<\/b> being one of the most developed Iberian peoples until the arrival of the Romans (late 3rd century BC). Other contemporary Iberian peoples settled in current Andalusian territory were the Bastetani and the Oretani. <\/p><p>This territory, incidentally, was the end of the world for the ancient Greeks, as the Strait of <b>Gibraltar was where the hero Heracles<\/b> (Hercules to the Romans) <b>installed his columns to indicate that there was nothing beyond<\/b> (Non Plus Ultra). As we will see further down in this brief history of Andalusia, there was indeed a world beyond&#8230; and Andalusia served as the base for discovering it. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e586d8 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e586d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fde6132 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fde6132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cbc362 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0cbc362\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a88e862 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a88e862\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-587c4f3 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"587c4f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Romans in the history of Andalusia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1ecba wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a1ecba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A prominent chapter of this brief history of Andalusia must be dedicated to Roman rule. Since the <b>end of the Second Punic War<\/b> (3rd century BC), Rome established itself as the dominant power of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, <b>Hispania Ulterior<\/b> corresponded roughly to present-day Andalusia, although there were later other administrative divisions, eventually becoming known as <b>Baetica<\/b>. Other Roman provinces with territories in present-day Andalusia were Lusitania and Carthaginensis.   <\/p><p><b>What is known as the Romanization of the territory began<\/b>: a practically total assimilation of this culture, language, legislation, economy, and political organization&#8230; It also meant planting the seed of Christianization, which took root and germinated strongly some time later.<\/p><p>In this territory of the southern Iberian Peninsula, there were large population centers, <b>linked by important Roman roads<\/b>: Corduba, Gades, Malaca, Iliberris, Hispalis, It\u00e1lica&#8230; Baetica supplied the Empire with important products, such as minerals (including gold and silver), cereals, oil, wine, and garum, among many others.<\/p><p>Therefore, Rome represents a central episode in this brief history of Andalusia due to its great cultural contributions to the region, but this Roman province was also a key location for the Empire as a whole, not only for its economic importance but also for some of the citizens born there. <\/p><p>In particular, these figures:<\/p><ul><li><b>Trajan<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(53-117 AD): Roman Emperor, born in It\u00e1lica<\/span><\/li><li><b>Hadrian <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(76-138 AD): Roman Emperor who succeeded Trajan, of whom he was a second cousin on his mother&#8217;s side. Although there is no consensus regarding his birth in It\u00e1lica, his family&#8217;s origins in this city in the current province of Seville seem clear. <\/span><\/li><li><b>Seneca <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(4 B.C. 65 A.D.): philosopher, native of the city of Corduba<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-656953c e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"656953c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3945b24 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3945b24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88cc877 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"88cc877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Visigoths and Byzantines: Early Middle Ages<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73075b4 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73075b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the fall of the Roman Empire and the barbarian invasions at the beginning of the 5th century AD, a new stage begins in the history of Andalusia, as the people who eventually imposed themselves and settled in the south of the Iberian Peninsula were the Visigoths. However, their definitive domination of the territory was slow and progressive, and <b>was not completed until the death of King Leovigild<\/b> at the end of the 6th century. While this unification was taking place, the Andalusian coasts and large areas of the eastern Andalusian interior were controlled by the Byzantine Empire, heir to the Roman Empire, which named this province Spania.  <\/p><p><b>Malaca and Asidonia were two of the great Byzantine Andalusian cities of this period.<\/b> And from Visigothic Andalusia, several religious figures are worth noting: Saint Isidore of Seville and Saint Hermenegild who, despite being born in Medina del Campo, was governor of Visigothic Baetica and, with his conversion, was one of the great architects of the abandonment of Arianism and the adoption of Catholicism as the official religion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a5743e e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a5743e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-678b05b e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"678b05b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8848da6 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8848da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Momentum in the history of Andalusia: Al-Andalus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddd0e86 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ddd0e86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>While all periods are important in the overall history of Andalusia, it is no exaggeration to say that <b>the Arab invasion starting in 711 represented a true momentum<\/b>. This was a conquest that, paradoxically, provided a great boost to the region at all levels, especially culturally. It fostered a coexistence, not always peaceful, between Hebrews, Christians, and Arabs, with the latter dominating and generically calling the southern peninsula Al-Andalus.  <\/p><p>The first political entity organized here was the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba, initially dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and later independent from the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, starting with Abd al-Rahman I. A civil independence that later also became religious, <b>as Abd al-Rahman III established the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 912,<\/b> thereby proclaiming himself caliph, that is, <b>the successor of Muhammad himself.<\/b> The Mosque of C\u00f3rdoba or the palace complex of Medina Azahara are some of the best examples of this period.<\/p><p><b>The Arab expansion was so great that it reached almost the entire Iberian Peninsula,<\/b> but from the 9th century onwards, a gradual retreat began, the result of the reconquering advance of the Christian kingdoms of the north. Simultaneously, internal divisions led to <b>the fall of the Caliphate in 1031,<\/b> resulting in a territorial decomposition into different kingdoms, known as the Taifa Kingdoms, <b>with the Taifa of Seville being one of the most important.<\/b>  <\/p><p>At the end of the 11th century and during the 12th, <b>two Berber invasions occurred from across the Strait of Gibraltar<\/b> (first the Almoravids and later the Almohads) who tried to bring greater unity to the Taifa kingdoms. <\/p><p><b>At the beginning of the 13th century, a significant Christian advance took place, the main milestone of which was the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa<\/b> (1212), a fundamental episode in the history of Andalusia and Spain in general, as it represented the union of the different northern kingdoms (Castile, Aragon, and Navarre). As a result of that victory, the Christian kingdoms of Seville, C\u00f3rdoba, and Ja\u00e9n subsequently emerged under Castilian rule, albeit with some autonomy, while only Granada remained under Muslim rule, having been born with the Zirid dynasty in the 11th century and governed thereafter by the Nasrids.  <\/p><p>This geopolitical situation, in which present-day Andalusia was divided between Christians (northwest) and Muslims (southeast), lasted for approximately two centuries. On the Christian side, <b>kings such as Ferdinand III the Saint and Alfonso X the Wise stood out,<\/b> both buried in Seville Cathedral, which itself showcases that mixture of cultures of medieval Andalusia: a Gothic temple begun in the early 15th century, whose bell tower was the minaret of a 12th-century Muslim mosque. And on the Muslim side, <b>the great jewel that has come down to us is the Alhambra in Granada<\/b>, a symbol of the splendor of the Nasrid dynasty.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f50ed3 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0f50ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-012ad8e e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"012ad8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f1cbec wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f1cbec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">End of the Reconquista and Conquest of the New World<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b22c32 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b22c32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>1492 is another prominent moment in this brief history of Andalusia, as it is for Spain and the world in general. <b>It is the era of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon<\/b>, and the date on which they made three important decisions, forged precisely in what is now Andalusia.<\/p><p>Firstly, <b>the Granada War ended with the capture of the city on January 2,<\/b> following the agreement with the Nasrid king Boabdil. This war, which had begun much earlier and had other notable chapters (such as the Battle of M\u00e1laga in 1487), is considered the final episode of the Reconquista. Months later, the expulsion of the Sephardim (Jews from Castile and Aragon) took place, who were widely settled in what is now Andalusia, as evidenced by important Jewish quarters (C\u00f3rdoba, Ja\u00e9n, or Lucena). And finally, the arrival of Christopher Columbus in America under the Castilian flag. A voyage that was largely organized in the province of Huelva, as documented by the route of the Columbian Sites.    <\/p><p>In this way, <b>the Modern Age was inaugurated,<\/b> with Spain playing a central role, and in particular what is now Andalusia. We thus enter a new stage for the history of Andalusia: <b>that of the Habsburg dynasty, with Charles I and Philip II<\/b> as great exponents of the power of the new empire. And although Philip II established the capital in Madrid, Andalusian ports maintained unprecedented traffic, especially that of Seville. This made it one of the most cosmopolitan and wealthiest cities on the continent, thanks to the establishment here of the Casa de Contrataci\u00f3n, to promote overseas travel and hold the monopoly on its trade.   <\/p><p>Another palpable consequence in this and many other cities was the proliferation of convents and religious temples, driven precisely by the evangelizing mission in the New World and the resources arriving from it. The strong defense of the Catholic religion also extended to the relationship with the Moriscos who still inhabited Andalusian territory, as evidenced by <b>the crisis of the Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1570-72)<\/b> or the definitive expulsion in 1609. <\/p><p>The best exponent of this golden age of Andalusian history is art, in particular:<\/p><ul><li><b>Architecture<\/b>, with its splendid Renaissance (Ja\u00e9n Cathedral, monuments of \u00dabeda and Baeza) and its exuberant Baroque (Carthusian monastery of Jerez de la Frontera and numerous chapels). A style that, incidentally, is even more important for its <b> <\/b>export to Latin America (Cuzco Cathedral or Mexico City Cathedral, among others)<\/li><li><b>Painting<\/b>: this is the era when some of the greatest Spanish painters emerged, such as Vel\u00e1zquez and Murillo<\/li><li><b>Sculpture<\/b>: this is the period of work for important names such as Pedro de Mena or Alonso Cano<\/li><\/ul><p>Nevertheless, <b>the 17th century also marks the beginning of a period of political and social decline<\/b>, which also goes hand in hand with the decline of Spain in the international context during the period known as that of the Minor Habsburgs (Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II), with various social revolts, occasionally due to tax increases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3816091 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3816091\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aef746d e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aef746d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95aa1ec wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95aa1ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Industrialization attempts and the Bourbon dynasty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-460adaa wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"460adaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The arrival of the Bourbon dynasty in the 18th century represents another chapter in the history of Andalusia, in which administrative measures and reforms were adopted to try to relaunch the region, which began to notice the loss of momentum in trade with the Americas compared to other powers, such as the Dutch and the English. Some examples of these attempts are <b>the creation of the Casa de la Lonja<\/b>, <b>today the General Archive of the Indies in Seville,<\/b> or <b>the transfer of the Casa de Contrataci\u00f3n to C\u00e1diz.<\/b> <\/p><p>But these attempts, in general, did not bear fruit. Nor did the process of industrialization, which did not take root in the southern peninsula as it did in other parts of Spain and Europe. A depression that was exacerbated by the Napoleonic invasion and the parallel loss of the first American colonies. The Cortes of C\u00e1diz and its Constitution, &#8216;la Pepa&#8217;, was only a ray of hope that eventually faded in the first decades of the 19th century, although it served as inspiration for the progressive rise of liberalism in that century. <b>The Museum of the Cortes of C\u00e1diz<\/b> takes the visitor back to this period when C\u00e1diz became the &#8216;capital&#8217; of the Spain that refused to submit to French rule.   <\/p><p>A liberalism that, in truth, was still very immature in Andalusia, as with the <b>monarchical Restoration after the Glorious Revolution of 1868,<\/b> &#8216;caciquismo&#8217; (political bossism) found a perfect territory to expand in large rural areas of Andalusia. A reality that coexisted with another phenomenon deeply rooted in the deep Andalusia of the 19th century: banditry. And the best place to learn about it is the Banditry Museum, in the town of Ronda, M\u00e1laga.  <\/p><p>All in all, the <b>brief period of economic prosperity in Spain until the disaster of &#8217;98,<\/b> which some historians call &#8220;the Indian summer of Spanish history,&#8221; also brought some rays of sunshine to the history of Andalusia. In particular, some projects linked to the industrialization of the country. For example, the development of the railway or the mining operations in Huelva, driven by English investment, of which monuments such as the Tinto Pier-Wharf and everything known as <b>the &#8216;English Legacy&#8217;<\/b> are good examples, serving as a significant tourist resource for this city.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e3185d e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1e3185d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa28a5b e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fa28a5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd5f168 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd5f168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Industrialization attempts and the Bourbon dynasty<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1d4a0 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1d4a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This brief history of Andalusia reaches the 20th century, to some extent, marked by some <b>good intentions for development<\/b>. For example, with the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929, which showed the region&#8217;s desire to open up to the world again, especially to the American continent, with which it had so many ties in previous centuries.  <b>Its main legacy was the Plaza de Espa\u00f1a in Seville.<\/b><\/p><p><b>The Second Spanish Republic<\/b> was also, for many, a period of hope for development and social equality, but it also served as the incubator for an anti-clerical sentiment that exploded during the Civil War and left great destruction in the <b>artistic heritage of numerous churches and convents<\/b>. But that was only one of the many consequences of the conflict, which left a region exhausted and greatly decimated in population, with true family tragedies of which the <b>execution of Federico Garc\u00eda Lorca<\/b> is the greatest exponent. <\/p><p><b>The post-war period was especially hard in southern Spain<\/b> and although, like the rest of the country, it began to slightly raise its head in the 1950s, Andalusia remained for a long time at the back of the pack among European regions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d0bd9 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"39d0bd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8afc6c5 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8afc6c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a0277 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47a0277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Intentions and great contrasts of the 20th century<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96c2258 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96c2258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The 21st century opens a new chapter in the history of Andalusia. A region that, without wishing to ignore some problems it must solve, <b>is now fully integrated into today&#8217;s modern Europe:<\/b> it is an open and tolerant society, with quality free public services, <b>a very well-interconnected transport network<\/b> (efficient motorways, commuter trains, high-speed rail, large-scale ports, international airports, etc.) and a growing professionalization of its productive sectors. <\/p><p>It is true that the GDP per capita in Andalusia is still significantly lower than the European and even the Spanish average. However, this issue <b>makes this region very competitive in one of the healthiest economic sectors: tourism.<\/b> Andalusia&#8217;s relatively low prices are an attraction for international travelers, who enjoy high-quality hospitality and transport services here at a lower cost than in other tourist regions. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7be35f3 e-con-full e-flex wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7be35f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"contacto\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d3ca26 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d3ca26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb6f29 wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fb6f29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How do you envision your trip through Andalusia? <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0346955 elementor-widget__width-initial wcf-starter-animations-none wcf-t-animation-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0346955\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;wcf_starter_animations&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf_anim_duration&quot;:1000,&quot;wcf_anim_delay&quot;:0,&quot;wcf_anim_ease&quot;:&quot;ease&quot;,&quot;wcf_text_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Your turn.<\/p><p>Tell us what you have in mind for your experience.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5969cd5 e-flex e-con-boxed wcf-starter-animations-none e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5969cd5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;wcf-animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffb61ce elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget 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DESIGN YOUR TRIP A melting pot of cultures in Andalusia Modern-day Andalusia is the result of a true melting pot of cultures that have dominated its lands since time immemorial. Few regions in Europe or even [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":12403,"parent":12833,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12402","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12402","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12402"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17248,"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12402\/revisions\/17248"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12833"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/andaluciaexclusiva.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}